Archive for November 2016
SAYC (1)
| opening | characteristics | response | meaning | continuation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1♣ | 3+ cards | 2NT | 13–15, GF | |
| 3NT | 16–17 | |||
| 1♦ | 4+ cards or 4432 | as to 1♣ | ||
| 1♥ | 5+ cards | 1♠ | 4+ spades, 6+ pts, usu. no ♥ support | |
| 1 NT | 6–9; denies 4 spades or 3 hearts | may be passed | ||
| 2 ♣/♦ | 10+, 4+ cards | promises another bid unless passed hand or game bid | ||
| 2NT ! | Jacoby: raise, 13+ | 3♣/♦/♠ shortness, 4♥ min, 3NT med, 3♥ max | ||
| 3♥ | limit, 10–12, 3+ hearts (preempt over X) | |||
| 3NT | 15–17 hcp, balanced, 2 card support | |||
| 4♥ | usu. 5+ hearts, shortness, <10 hcp | |||
| 1♠ | 5+ cards | cf. to 1 ♥ | ||
| 1NT | 15–17 hcp balanced (may contain a 5-card suit, even a major) | |||
| 2♣ | non-forcing Stayman, usu. 8+ hcp | 2 ♦/♥/♠ (2♥ with both majors); responder’s 3♣/♦ slam interest | ||
| 2♦ ! | Jacoby transfer to hearts | 2 ♥, or 3 ♥ with max. | ||
| 2♥ ! | Jacoby transfer to spades | 2 ♠, or 3 ♠ with max. | ||
| 2♠ ! | transfer to 3♣ | resp. rebid 3 ♦ signoff | ||
| 3♣/♦ ! | inv. to 3NT with 6+ card suit | |||
| 3♥/♠ | 6+ card suit, slam interest | |||
| 4♣ | Gerber, asking for aces | 4♦ = 0 or 4, 4♥ = 1, etc | ||
| 4NT | natural, invites 6NT | |||
| 2♣ | strong artificial, 22+ or playing equiv. | 2♦ | artif., may be waiting | opener’s suit rebid forcing to 3 of his major or 4 of his minor; after 2 NT rebid: Stayman, Jacoby, Gerber |
| 2♥/♠, 3♣/♦ | natural, GF, 5+ cards, 8+ pts | |||
| 2NT | balanced, 8 hcp | |||
| 2♦/♥/♠ | 6+ (or 5) cards, 5–11 hcp; usually no major side suit | 2NT | forcing, game interest | with min. (5–8 p): rebid the suit; with max.: new suit (shows A/K) or 3NT or 4 of minor (shows 4–5 cards with at least Q) |
| any raise | to play | |||
| 2NT | 20–21 hcp balanced, may contain 5-card suit | 3♣ | Stayman | |
| 3♦/♥ ! | Jacoby transfer | 3♥/♠ | ||
| 4♣ ! | Gerber | |||
| 4NT | inviting to slam in NT | |||
| 3NT | 25–27 hcp balanced | 4♣ ! | Stayman | |
| 4♦/♥ ! | Jacoby transfer | 4♥/♠ | ||
| 3/4 of suit | pre-empt, rule of 2/3/4 | |||
Choosing the opening
- open the higher of long (at least 5 cards) suits of equal length
- with 4–4 minors, open 1 ♦
- notrump openings show a balanced hand but may contain a five-card suit (minor or major)
- occasional 4-card major opening in 3rd seat
Continuation
- fourth suit may be artificial (“4th suit forcing”), except in 1♣–1♦–1♥–1♠, which is natural
- after opener’s rebid in a suit, a new suit by responder is forcing
- after opener’s rebid of 1 NT (e.g., 1♥–1♠–1NT), responder’s simple non-reverse rebid in a new suit (e.g., 2♣/♦) is non-forcing
- in that situation, a reverse rebid (e.g. 1♣–1♥–1NT–2♠) or a jump shift into a new suit is game-forcing
Slam conventions
- regular Blackwood: 4 NT asks for aces, 5♣ = 0 or 4; 5 ♦ = 1; 5 ♥ = 2; 5 ♠ = 3; then 5 NT asks for kings similarly
- Grand Slam Force: jump to 5 NT asks partner to bid grand slam in agreed suit with two of three top honors in it
Effect of interference
- usually interference cancels conventions (e.g., after major suit opening and interference, a response of 2 NT is natural, 12–14 hcp, not Jacoby)
- double of 1 NT does not affect conventions
- after 1 NT and interfering bid, bid in opponent suit is game-forcing and substitute for Stayman
Defensive bidding
- D for takeout over opening partscore, penalty opening game bid
- simple overcall 8–16 points; only forcing response is opp. suit
- 1 NT overcall 15–18 hcp (10–15 when reopening), balanced, preferably a stopper in opp. suit; 2♣ response Stayman, otherwise natural
- jump 2 NT is “unusual”, i.e. 5–5 lowest unbid suits
- jump overcall in suit preemptive
- a bid in opp. suit is
- Michaels when opps have bid one suit only (Michaels: 5–5 in majors and 8+ pts when opening was in a minor, otherwise the other major and a minor and 10+ pts)
- natural when opps have bid 2 suits
Competitive bidding
- neg. D up to 2♠
- RD 10+ pts
- responders jump shift over D is to play
- cuebid in right-hand opp. forcing to game
- RD of a D of conventional bid is for business
- RD is SOS when suit contract of 3 or lower is doubled for penalty
- D of conventional bid like Michaels or unusual 2 NT shows 10+ pts
Leads and signals
- top of touching honors (even A from AKx)
- top of interior sequence
- Xxxx(…), i.e. 4th best (rule of 11) if headed by an honor
- xxxx(…), i.e. 2nd best from 4 or more when no honor
- against suit contract: xxx, i.e. lowest from 3 small
- against NT contract: xxx, i.e. highest from 3 small
- high encourages, low discourages
- high–low is even when giving count
SAYC
FULL STANDARD AMERICAN YELLOW CARD (SAYC) CONVENTION CARD
| Bidding System: | Standard American Yellow Card (SAYC) |
| Leads: | 4th highest, top of sequence (leads are variable by agreement) |
| Signals: | Attitude |
| Discards: | Attitude |
| Strength of 1NT openers: | 15-17 |
| 2C Response to 1NT opener is: | Stayman (Normally with a 4 card major) |
| OPENING BIDS | ||||
| Opening bid | Point range | Min length | Conventional Meaning |
Special Responses |
| 1C | 12*-21 | 3 | See notes 1-2 | 1NT response 6-10 HCP non-forcing |
| 1D | 12*-21 | 3 | See notes 1-2 | 2NT response - see note 5 |
| 1H | 12*-21 | 5 | See notes 1-2 | 2 over 1 change of suit 11+ |
| 1S | 12*-21 | 5 | See notes 1-2 | |
| 1NT | 15-17 | Stayman, Jacoby (red suit) transfer | ||
| 2C | 22+ | Strong, artificial | See note 3 | |
| 2D | 5-11 | 6 | 2NT is game interest. Opener bids | |
| 2H | 5-11 | 6 | a feature or 3NT if maximum. | |
| 2S | 5-11 | 6 | Change of suit forcing. | |
| 2NT | 20-21 | Stayman, other bids natural. | ||
| 3NT | 25-27 | Stayman, other bids natural. | ||
| 3 bids | 6-10 | 7 | Pre-emptive | |
| 4 bids | 6-10 | 8 | Pre-emptive | |
| OVERCALLS | |
| Simple | Natural, wide-ranging. 8-16. Change of suit by responder non-forcing |
| Jump | Weak - 6 card suit at 2 level. Usually 7 at 3 level. |
| Cue Bid | Michaels (see note 6) - but natural if ops have bid 2 suits |
| 1NT Direct | 15-18, responses: Stayman, natural as per 1NT opening |
| 1NT Protective | 10-15, responses: Stayman, natural as per 1NT opening |
| 2NT Direct | Unusual if a jump - see Note 6. Responses are limit bids. |
| 2NT Protective | See above |
| DEFENSIVE BIDS | |
| Opponents open: | Defensive methods: |
| Strong 1C | Natural |
| Weak 1NT | Double = Penalties, Overcalls are natural |
| Strong 1NT | As above |
| Weak 2 | Double = take-out - Cue = Michaels |
| Weak 3 | Double = take-out - Cue = Michaels |
| 4 of Minor | Double = take-out - Cue = Michaels |
| 4 of Major | Double = penalty |
| Multi 2D | Natural |
| ACTION OPPONENTS INTERVENE WITH | ||
| Simple Overcall: | Doubles are: | Take-out over bids up to 2S, promises 4 cards in any unbid major |
| Bids are: | New suit forcing. 2 of a major is 5+cards and 11+ pts. | |
| Jump Overcall: | Doubles are: | Take-out over bids up to 2S, promises 4 cards in any unbid major |
| Bids are: | New suit forcing | |
| Double: | Redouble is: | 10+ |
| New suit is: | Forcing at 1 level - not at 2 level | |
| Jump in new suit: | Pre-emptive - to play | |
| Jump raise is: | Pre-emptive | |
| 2NT is: | Good raise | |
| SPECIAL USES OF DOUBLES: |
| Doubles of opening NT bids or NT overcalls are for penalties, following which all subsequent doubles are for penalties. Otherwise, all doubles of suit contracts up to and including 2S are for take-out. Eg 1S Dbl 2S Dbl - both doubles are for take-out |
| Doubles of artificial bids show the suit bid |
| Redoubles are SOS up to 3S except when an artificial bid has been doubled. |
| SLAM CONVENTIONS | ||
| Convention | Meanings of Responses | Action over interference |
| Blackwood | 5C = 0/4, 5D = 1, 5H = 2, 5S = 3 aces | D0P1 |
| Gerber – see note 7 | 4D = 0/4, 4H = 1, 4S = 2, 4NT = 3 aces | D0P1 |
| 5NT Grand Slam Force | ||
| OTHER CONVENTIONS | |
| FSF (Fourth Suit Forcing) | – but after 1C (No) 1D (No) 1H (No), 1S is natural and 2S is “Fourth suit” |
| UCBs (Unassuming Cue Bids) | – opposite partner’s overcall, a cue bid shows a good raise |
| OPENING LEADS | ||||
| Normal leads against suit contracts: 2nd and 4th highest | ||||
| AK | AKx | KQ10 | KQx | KJ10 |
| K109 | QJ10 | QJx | J10x | 10xx |
| 109x | 987x | 10xxx | Hxxxx | Hxxxxx |
| Hxxx | Hxx | xx | xxx | xxxx |
| Normal leads against NT contracts: 2nd and 4th highest | ||||
| AKx(x) | AJ10x | KQ10 | KQx | KJ10 |
| K109 | QJ10 | QJx | J10x | 10xx |
| 10xxx | 109x | 987x | Hxx | Hxxxxx |
| Hxxxx | Hxxx | xx | xxx | xxxx |
| SIGNALS AND DISCARDS | |
| Describe primary method. State alternatives in brackets | |
| Signals on Partner's lead: | Attitude: high = encouraging, low = discouraging |
| Signals on Declarer's lead: | Attitude |
| Discards: | Attitude |
| Exceptions to above: | Count |
| SUPPLEMENTARY DETAILS |
| Note 1 |
| Balanced Hands not 15-17: |
| With 4-4 in the minors, open 1D. With 3-3 in the minors, open 1C. 1D is only three cards if shape is 4432. |
| Unbalanced Hands: |
| Always open the longest suit |
| With two five-card-or-longer suits, always open the higher |
| Note 2 |
|
After a one-level response, 1NT = 13/16, 2NT = 19/21
|
| Note 3 |
| 2C - 2D response is a relay but other bids are positive and specific (2NT=8points balanced) |
| 2C - 2D - 2NT is 22-24 |
| After 2C - 2D, bidding is forcing to 3 of opener's major or 4 of opener's minor. |
| Note 4 |
|
Transfer breaks are only by jumping in the agreed suit
|
| 1NT (No) 2S = Jacoby Transfer to 3C |
| This will be passed or converted to 3D (to be passed), |
|
1NT (No) 2NT = Invitational to 3NT
|
| 1NT (No) 3C or 3D are invitational to 3NT with a 6+card suit |
| 1NT (No) 3H or 3S are 6+ card suit with slam interest |
| After 1NT (Dbl), Stayman and transfers apply |
| After 1NT is overcalled, Stayman and transfers do not apply, but a cue bid is strong and Staymanic. |
| Note 5 |
| 2NT response to 1H or 1S opening bid is Game Forcing, agreeing trumps, with slam interest |
| Opener bids 3 of a non-trump suit to show a singleton or void, or else shows point count by… |
| jump to 4 of trump suit to show max 14, 3NT 15-17, 3 of trump suit 18+. |
| This convention does not apply after interference by opponents |
|
2NT response to 1C or 1D opening bid is 13-15 and forcing; 3NT response
is 16-17
|
| Note 6 |
|
Michaels Cue Bid / Unusual 2NT
|
| 1C 2C or 1D 2D shows at least 5-5 in the majors, 8+ points |
| 1H 2H or 1S 2S shows at least 5-5 in the other major and one minor, 10+ points |
| 1 any 2NT shows at least 5-5 in the two lowest unbid suits |
| Values range from enough for a minimum overcall up to a very strong hand |
| Note 7 |
| Gerber is used only directly when partner has opened or rebid 1NT or 2NT. 5C asks for kings. |
Hikayat "Penggembala yang Lapar"
PENGEMBARA YANG LAPAR
Tersebutlah kisah tiga orang sahabat, Kendi, Buyung dan Awang yang sedang mengembara. Mereka membawa bekalan makanan seperti beras, daging, susu dan buah-buahan. Apabila penat berjalan mereka berhenti dan memasak makanan. Jika bertemu kampung, mereka akan singgah membeli makanan untuk dibuat bekal dalam perjalanan.
Pada suatu hari, mereka tiba di kawasan hutan tebal. Di kawasan itu mereka tidak bertemu dusun atau kampung. Mereka berhenti dan berehat di bawah sebatang pokok ara yang rendang. Bekalan makanan pula telah habis. Ketiga-tiga sahabat ini berasa sangat lapar,
“Hai, kalau ada nasi sekawah, aku akan habiskan seorang,” tiba-tiba Kendi mengeluh. Dia mengurut-ngurut perutnya yang lapar. Badannya disandarkan ke perdu pokok ara.
“Kalau lapar begini, ayam panggang sepuluh ekor pun sanggup aku habiskan,” kata Buyung pula.
“Janganlah kamu berdua tamak sangat dan bercakap besar pula. Aku pun lapar juga. Bagi aku, kalau ada nasi sepinggan sudah cukup,” Awang bersuara.
Kendi dan Buyung tertawa mendengar kata-kata Awang.
“Dengan nasi sepinggan, manaBOLEH
kenyang? Perut kita tersangatlah lapar!” ejek Kendi. Buyung mengangguk tanda bersetuju dengan pendapat Kendi.Perbualan mereka didengar oleh pokok ara. Pokok itu bersimpati apabila mendengar keluhan ketiga-tiga pengembara tersebut lalu menggugurkan tiga helai daun.
Bubb! Kendi, Buyung dan Awang terdengar bunyi seperti benda terjatuh. Mereka segera mencari benda tersebut dicelah-celah semak. Masing-masing menuju ke arah yang berlainan.
“Eh,ada nasi sekawah!” Kendi menjerit kehairanan. Dia menghadap sekawah nasi yang masih berwap. Tanpa berfikir panjang lalu dia menyuap nasi itu dengan lahapnya.
“Ayam panggang sepuluh ekor! Wah, sedapnya!” tiba-tiba Buyung pula melaung dari arah timur. Serta-merta meleleh air liurnya. Seleranya terbuka. Dengan pantas dia mengambil ayam yang paling besar lalu makan dengan gelojoh.
Melihatkan Kendi dan Buyung telah mendapat makanan, Awang semakin pantas meredah semak. Ketika Awang menyelak daun kelembak, dia ternampak sepinggan nasi berlauk yang terhidang. Awang tersenyum dan mengucapkan syukur kerana mendapat rezeki. Dia makan dengan tenang.
Selepas makan, Awang rasa segar. Dia berehat semula di bawah pokok ara sambil memerhatikan Kendi dan Buyung yang sedang meratah makanannya.
“Urgh!” Kendi sendawa. Perutnya amat kenyang. Nasi di dalam kawah masih banyak. Dia tidak mampu menghabiskan nasi itu. “Kenapa kamu tidak habiskan kami?” tiba-tiba nasi di dalam kawah itu bertanya kepada Kendi.
“Aku sudah kenyang,” jawab Kendi.
“Bukankah kamu telah berjanji akan menghabiskan kami sekawah?” Tanya nasi itu lagi.
“Tapi perut aku sudah kenyang,” jawab Kendi.
Tiba-tiba nasi itu berkumpul dan mengejar Kendi. Kawah itu menyerkup kepala Kendi dan nasi-nasi itu menggigit tubuh Kendi. Kendi menjerit meminta tolong.
Buyung juga kekenyangan. Dia cuma dapat menghabiskan seekor ayam sahaja. Sembilan ekor ayam lagi terbiar di tempat pemanggang. Oleh kerana terlalu banyak makan, tekaknya berasa loya. Melihat baki ayam-ayam panggang itu, dia berasa muak dan hendak muntah. Buyung segera mencampakkan ayam-ayam itu ke dalam semak.
“Kenapa kamu tidak habiskan kami?” tiba-tiba tanya ayam-ayam panggang itu.
“Aku sudah kenyang,” kata Buyung. “Makan sekor pun perut aku sudah muak,” katanya lagi.
Tiba-tiba muncul sembilan ekor ayam jantan dari celah-celah semak di kawasan itu. Mereka meluru ke arah Buyung.
Ayam-ayam itu mematuk dan menggeletek tubuh Buyung. Buyung melompat-lompat sambil meminta tolong.
Awang bagaikan bermimpi melihat gelagat rakan-rakannya. Kendi terpekik dan terlolong. Buyung pula melompat-lompat dan berguling-guling di atas tanah. Awang tidak dapat berbuat apa-apa. Dia seperti terpukau melihat kejadian itu.
Akhirnya Kendi dan Buyung mati. Tinggallah Awang seorang diri. Dia meneruskan semula perjalanannya.
Sebelum berangkat, Awang mengambil pinggan nasi yang telah bersih. Sebutir nasi pun tidak berbaki di dalam pinggan itu.
“Pinggan ini akan mengingatkan aku supaya jangan sombong dan tamak. Makan biarlah berpada-pada dan tidak membazir,” kata Awang lalu beredar meninggalkan tempat itu.
Pengajaran :
1. Orang tamak selalu rugi.
2. Jangan membazir.
3. Contoh hikayat si miskin dan unsur intrinsiknya
5. Hikayat Si Miskin
6. Ada seorang suami istri yang dikutuk hidup miskin. Pada suatu hari mereka mendapatkan anak yang diberi nama Marakarma, dan sejak anak itu lahir hidup mereka pun menjadi sejahtera dan berkecukupan. Ayahnya termakan perkataan para ahli nujum yang mengatakan bahwa anak itu membawa sial dan mereka harus membuangnya.Setelah membuangnya, mereka kembali hidup sengsara. Dalam masa pembuangan, Marakrama belajar ilmu kesaktian dan pada suatu hari ia dituduh mencuri dan dibuang ke laut. Ia terdampar di tepi pantai tempat tinggal raksasa pemakan segala. Ia pun ditemukan oleh Putri Cahaya dan diselamatkannya.
7. Mereka pun kabur dan membunuh raksasa tersebut. Nahkoda kapal berniat jahat untuk membuang Marakarma ke laut, dan seekor ikan membawanya ke Negeri Pelinggam Cahaya, di mana kapal itu singgah.
8. Marakrama tinggal bersama Nenek Kebayan dan ia pun mengetahui bahwa Putri Mayang adalah adik kandungnya. Lalu Marakarma kembali ke Negeri Puspa Sari dan ibunya menjadi pemungut kayu. Lalu ia memohon kepada dewa untuk mengembalikan keadaan Puspa Sari. Puspa Sari pun makmur mengakibatkan Maharaja Indra Dewa dengki dan menyerang Puspa Sari. Kemudian Marakrama menjadi Sultan Mercu Negara.
9.
10. Unsur Intrinsik dalam hikayat Si Miskin
11. #Tema :Kunci kesuksesan adalah kesabaran. Perjalanan hidup seseorang yang mengalami banyak rintangan dan cobaan.
12. #Alur :Menggunakan alur maju, karena penulis menceritakan peristiwa tersebut dari awal permasalahan sampai akhir permasalahan.
13. #Setting/ Latar :
14. -Setting Tempat : Negeri Antah Berantah, hutan, pasar, Negeri Puspa Sari, Lautan, Tepi Pantai Pulau Raksasa, Kapal, Negeri Palinggam Cahaya.
15. -Setting Suasana : tegang, mencekam dan Ketakutan, bahagia, menyedihkan,
16. #Sudut Pandang Pengarang : orang ketiga serba tahu.
17. #Amanat :
18. - Seorang pemimpin yang baik adalah seorang yang adil dan pemurah.
19. - Janganlah mudah terpengaruh dengan kata-kata oranlain.
20. - Hadapilah semua rintangan dan cobaan dalam hidup dengan sabar dan rendah hati.
21. - Jangan memandang seseorang dari tampak luarnya saja, tapi lihatlah ke dalam hatinya.
22. - Hendaknya kita dapat menolong sesama yang mengalami kesukaran.
23. - Janganlah kita mudah menyerah dalam menghadapi suatu hal.
24. - Hidup dan kematian, bahagia dan kesedihan, semua berada di tanan Tuhan, manusia hanya dapat menjalani takdir yang telah ditentukan.
25.
26. Unsur Ekstrinsik dalam Hikayat Si Miskin
27. 1. Nilai Moral
28. - Kita harus bersikap bijaksana dalam menghadapi segala hal di dalam hidup kita.
29. - Jangan kita terlalu memaksakan kehendak kita pada orang lain.
30. 2. Nilai Budaya
31. - Sebagai seorang anak kita harus menghormati orangtua.
32. - Hendaknya seorang anak dapat berbakti pada orang tua.
33. 3. Nilai Sosial
34. - Kita harus saling tolong-menolong terhadap sesama dan pada orang yang membutuhkan tanpa rasa pamrih.
35. - Hendaknya kita mau berbagi untuk meringankan beban orang lain.
36. 4. Nilai Religius
37. - Jangan mempercayai ramalan yang belum tentu kebenarannya.
38. - Percayalah pada Tuhan bahwa Dialah yang menentukan nasib manusia.
39. 5. Nilai Pendidikan
40. - Kita harus saling tolong-menolong terhadap sesama dan pada orang yang membutuhkan tanpa rasa pamrih.
41. - Jangan mempercayai ramalan yang belum tentu kebenarannya.
